[EBOOK] Comprehensive and Molecular Phytopathology (This is a volume in Studies in Plant Science), Edited by Yu. T. Dyakov, V. G. Dzhavakhiya And T. Korpela, Published by ELSEVIER

This hook is a textbook, rather than a monograph. We see university students and post-graduates majoring in phytopathology, as well as researchers working in related areas of science as its readers. Therefore, the main task of this book is not a comprehensive review of molecular phytopathology studies, bur rather a certain philosophy of the course, a system of presentation of the material that will allow understanding the internal logic of plant-parasite interaction, the consecutive stages of molecular dialogue between partners -what the Russian phytopathologist M.s. Dunin termed “immunogenesis” (Dunin, 1046). This task can be accomplished only by a small team of authors who write their sections of the book with a general plan and correct each other’s manuscripts during the course of the work. This plan was based on the arrangement that is shown in Chapter 5 of this book (Figure 5.0). Following this arrangement could not but result - along with unquestionable benefits - in some shortcomings in presentation of the material, since nature is not a desk with separate drawers for “vertical resistance" and “horizontal resistance” folders. Therefore, phytoaniicipins (Chapter 6), phytoalexins (Chapter 10), non-specific vivotoxins (Chapter 5), and specific pathotoxins (Chapter 12) come in different sections of the book. The same reasons also explain some repetitions (for instance, description of the chemical composition of the plant cell wall in different chapters, though from different angles). These inevitable shortcomings were allowed in full awareness, to ensure showing the dynamics of plant-parasite interaction processes. Moreover, repetitions in a textbook can be considered an advantage and not a shortcoming, since they help to show different dimensions of the same concept.

The first few chapters of this book explain the elements of general phytopathology. We thought it necessary to first introduce the basic concepts related to parasitism: trophies, specialization, and pathogenicity (Chapter 0); the basic groups of microorganisms, plant parasites, their biology, taxonomy, and symptoms of the diseases they cause (Chapter 1); and results of the classical genetic analysis of resistance and pathogenicity (Chapter 4). Therefore, that section of the book is entitled “Introduction to Molecular Phytopathology”. The main body of the book is contained in Chapters 5-14. Chapters 5 and 6 describe the basic pathogenicity and resistance factors, and the remaining chapters discuss the factors responsible for specific parasite virulence and plant resistance. The last two chapters explain the principles and approaches to practical application of molecular studies in phytopathology.

We think that such a system of presentation will be interesting to a broader audience. Molecular studies in phytopathology provide an opportunity, unlike other approaches, to consider the abundant material regarding host-parasite interactions within a uniform system. While geneticists consider Flor's “gene-for-gene” concept its the basis of plant-parasite relationship, numerous biochemical studies of resistance and virulence carried out in 1950-1980s failed to provide a unique answer. It was found that the molecular dialogue between plants and parasites involves loo many factors, the investigation of which blurred out the wood behind the trees. Also, a “multicomponent’' hypothesis of plant immunity has emerged (Heitefuss, 1982). which is not a hypothesis but just an acknowledgement of the researchers’ helplessness in the face of the multitude of facts found. It would be enough to look through the materials of the numerous conferences held in those years to see the intense debates on the nature of plant-parasite interactions between the supporters of the hypotheses of induction and suppression, elicitor specificity and noil-specificity, etc. The suggested models of interaction, often the original ones (Bushncll, Rowell, 1981: Heath, 1981) were too speculative. However, historically, these discussions turned out to be extremely important, as "... a spark of new knowledge could be kindled only in collision of pieces of Steel. A collision of dusty bags produces only a cloud of dust” (Meyen ct al., 1977). A decisive step was necessary for dialectic synthesis of the opposite views. This stop was taken bv N. Keen, who bridged the gap between phytochemistry and classical genetics, on the one hand, and molecular biology and genomics, on the other. Keen was the first to experimentally confirm specificity of induction, working with recombinant DNA (Keen, Staskawicz, 1984). Since then, there has been an avalanche of molecular studies in phytopathology.

Molecular phytopathology developed as a compromise-making science. It enabled reconciliation of the apparently opposite theories and concepts:

1. Suppression ard induction of plant defense responses bv a parasite.

It was found that the same parasite metabolites may play the role of suppressors or inductors (elicitors).

2. Specific and non-specific elicitors. The “guard” model of interaction brings together the processes generated bv the action of non-specific elicitors, suppressors, and specific elicitors.

3. Host and non-host resistance. It is show'll that they are based on the same factors.

4. Plant immunity and animal immunity. For many years, the difference between them seemed so obvious that a well-known Russian immunochemist observed: “there is as much in common between the immunity of plants and animals as between them and diplomatic immunity." Molecular studies have allowed it to be demonstrated that this is not so, and that the diversity of nature is built through a combination of the same blocks.

It is this concept of unity as against “the multicomponent hypothesis” that we have tried to stress in this book.

[EBOOK] Comprehensive and Molecular Phytopathology (This is a volume in Studies in Plant Science), Edited by Yu. T. Dyakov, V. G. Dzhavakhiya And T. Korpela, Published by ELSEVIER

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THIS EBOOK

Keyword: ebook, giáo trình, Comprehensive, Molecular Phytopathology, Phytopathology, immunogenesis, bệnh học, bệnh cây, sự miễn dịch, miễn dịch học, miễn dịch thực vật, tổng quan bệnh học, tổng quang bệnh cây, bệnh thực vật