[EBOOK] AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION (Watershed Management and Hydrology), Edited by William F. Ritter and Adel Shirmohammadi, LEWIS PUBLISHERS

Despite the tremendous progress that has been achieved in water pollution, almost 40% of the U.S. waters that have been assessed by states do not meet water quality goals. About 20,000 water bodies are impacted by siltation, nutrients, bacteria, oxygen depletion substances, metals, habitat alterations, pesticides, and toxic organic chemicals. With pollution from point sources being dramatically reduced, nonpoint source pollution is the major cause of most water that does not meet water quality goals. About 50 to 70% of the assessed surface waters are adversely affected by agricultural nonpoint source pollution caused by soil erosion from cropland and overgrazing and from pesticide and fertilizer applications. States have identified almost 500,000 kilometers of rivers and streams and more than two million hectares of lakes that do not meet state water quality goals. In 1998, about one-third of the 1062 beaches reporting to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had at least one health advisory or closing. More than 2500 fish consumption advisories or bans were issued by states in areas where fish were too contaminated to eat.

Clean water is important for the nation’s economy. A third of Americans visit coastal areas each year, generating new jobs and billions of dollars. Closed beaches and fish advisories result in lost revenue. Water used for irrigating crops and raising livestock helps American farmers produce and sell $197 billion worth of food and fiber each year. Manufacturers use thirty-five trillion liters of fresh water annually.

This book is intended to give a comprehensive overview of agricultural nonpoint source pollution and its management on a watershed scale. The first chapter provides background information on watershed hydrology, with a discussion on each phase of the hydrologic cycle. The second chapter is on soil erosion and sedimentation. The basic processes of soil erosion as it occurs in upland areas are discussed, most of it focused on rill and interrill erosion. Process-based soil erosion models and cropping and management effects on erosion are treated and contrasted in some detail.

Chapters 3, 4, and 5 take up the nonpoint source pollutants nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides in detail. Both surface and subsurface processes are discussed in each chapter. Chapters 3 and 4 begin with nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, respectively. Management practices to control nonpoint source pollution from nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticides are discussed.

Chapter 6 discusses nonpoint source pollution from the livestock industry. Surface water and groundwater quality effects from feedlots, manure storage and treatment systems, and land application of manures are presented, along with nonpoint source pollution control practices for each of these sources.

Chapter 7 addresses the impact of irrigated agriculture on water quality. The nonpoint source pollutants nitrates, pesticides, salts, trace elements, and suspended sediments are discussed, along with management practices for reducing nonpoint source pollution from irrigation. Chapter 8 is focused on the impact of agricultural drainage on water quality. Both conventional drainage and water-table management are discussed.

Chapter 9 provides an overview of water quality models. Different types of water quality models are discussed along with model development, sensitivity analysis, model validation and verification, and the role of geographic information systems in water quality modeling. Chapter 10 provides a treatment of best management practices (BMPs) to control nonpoint source pollution and the framework for the design of a monitoring system for BMP impact assessment. Fourteen BMPs are discussed in detail.

The final chapter discusses monitoring, including monitoring system design, data needs and collection, and implementation strategies, along with methods to monitor edge-of-field overland flow, bottom of root zone, soil, groundwater, and surface water.

The editors thank all authors for their valuable contribution to this book. We hope it will give people a better insight into the issues involved in agricultural nonpoint source pollution and its control.

William F. Ritter

Adel Shirmohammadi

[EBOOK] AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION (Watershed Management and Hydrology), Edited by William F. Ritter and Adel Shirmohammadi, LEWIS PUBLISHERS

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