[EBOOK] FUSARIUM WILTS: Fusarium Diseases of Tomato (of Greenhouse Vegetable and Ornamental Crops), Edited by M. Lodovica Gullino, Jaacov Katan and Angelo Garibaldi

Fusarium wilt and Fusarium crown and root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlcctcnd.:Fr. f. sp. lycopcrsici (Sacc.) w. c. Snyder & H. N. Hansen and 1. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker, respectively—are two important diseases of tomato (Solatium lycopersicum L.). Fusarium wilt, a warm weather disease, was first described in England in 1895 and has since been found in at least 32 countries (Jones et al., 1991). In contrast, Fusarium crown and root rot, thriving at cooler temperatures, was first identified in Japan in 1969 (Sata and Araki, 1974) and thought to be a new race (J3) of f. sp. lycopersià. In the United States, Fusarium crown and root rot was first noted in California in 1971 (Leary and Endo, 1971) and then in Florida in 1975 (Sonoda, 1976).

hi 1978, Jarvis and Shoemaker proposed that the causal agent of Fusarium crown and root rot was distinct from F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici based on symptomology, disease development, and physiological characteristics. Genetic differences have been proposed between F. oxyiporum f. sp. lycopersici and f. sp. radias-lycopersici because the two format speciaks are vegeta tively incompatible, which suggests the inability to form hetcrokaryons between them (Puhalla, 1985).

F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici has been isolated from die stems and roots of diseased tomato plants in field-grown, hydroponic, and rockwool-grown systems (Jarvis and Shoemaker, 1978; Jenkins and Averre, 1983; Hartman and Fletcher, 1991). Dissemination of spores in closed envừonments, such as greenhouses and hydroponics, exacerbates the outbreak of Fusarium crown and root rot (Vanachter ct al., 1983; Jarvis, 1988). The raised temperatures found in greenhouses also encourage spread of Fusarium wilt, whereas low temperature conditions limit spread of the disease. Moreover, spoliation of F. oxyiporum t sp. lytopenici on stems has been demonstrated, suggesting that the resultant aerial dissemination of macroconidia/microconidia may have serious epidemiological consequences in greenhouses (Katan et al., 1997).

F. oxysporum f. sp. iycoptrsia and f. sp. radicis-ỉycopersia are not monophyletic (Cai et al., 2003; Huang, 2009), suggesting that they may have multiple evolutionary origins. The two are thought to be paraphyletic based on DNA sequences of mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU) rDNA and translation elongation factor 1-tt (F.F-1«) (O’Donnell et al., 1998). Some isolates of the iwo format sptcialts are more closely related to each other than to those within the same forma speõaĩis.
discovered before 1940 (Alexander and Tucker, 1945) but first reported in Florida in 1961 (Stall, 1961). In 1982, race 3, overcoming resistance gene 12, of Fusarium wilt was reported in Australia and Florida (Grattidge and Obrien, 1982; Volin and Jones, 1982). Race 3 of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersiá has a better overseasoning ability than races 1 and 2 (Jones et al., 1989b) and is currently present in Australia, Brazil, Japan, Mexico, and the United States (Marlatt et al., 1996; Valenzuela-Ureta et al., 1996; Reis et al., 2005; Hirano and Arie, 2006).

[EBOOK] FUSARIUM WILTS: Fusarium Diseases of Tomato (of Greenhouse Vegetable and Ornamental Crops), Edited by M. Lodovica Gullino, Jaacov Katan and Angelo Garibaldi

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