[EBOOK] The Glyphosate Monograph (A comprehensive new review of the science documenting the adverse human health and environmental impacts of glyphosate and glyphosate based herbicides), Published by PAN International

Glyphosate, commonly known by its original trade name Roundupw (manufactured by Monsanto), is the world’s most widely used herbicide. Glyphosate-based herbicides are manufactured by many companies in many countries.

The herbicidal action of glyphosate is primarily due to its capacity to block the production of essential amino acids in plants and some microorganisms through a pathway called “shikimate", which is present only in plants. Thus, it was sold as ‘safe’ for animals and humans.

Glyphosate is sprayed on numerous crops and plantations, including about 80% of genetically modified (GM) crops (canola, corn, cotton, soybean, sugar beet); with relatively high levels permitted as residues in food and animal feed. It is used as a pre-harvest desiccant, and because it is a systemic herbicide it cannot be completely removed from food by washing, peeling or processing. It is widely used in home gardens and public places including roadsides, and semi-natural and natural habitats. Human exposure is widespread and constantly recurring. Residues are widespread in foods, particularly those containing cereals (from pre-harvest use) or GM corn or soy-derived products. It has been detected in drinking water, wine and beer, and even In non-food products derived from GM cotton. The extent of human exposure is reflected in the widespread presence of glyphosate in human urine wherever it has been tested, principally in Europe. It has also been found in urine and breast milk in the USA.

Very aggressive public relations and marketing by its developer, Monsanto, has resulted in the widespread belief that glyphosate is ‘safe’. For example, Monsanto claimed that glyphosate is ‘biodegradable’ and that it ‘left the soil clean'. However, in 2009, France’s Supreme Court upheld judgements by two previous courts that these claims were false (Anon 2009). Registration processes continue to allow the use of the herbicide without raising concerns about safety even as new data identifying adverse effects emerges.

However, the 2015 classification by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of glyphosate as a probable human carcinogen is resulting in massive widespread concern about its continued use, especially preharvest and in public places. Additionally, independent scientific studies and widespread poisonings in Latin America (resulting from aerial application) have begun to reveal numerous acute and chronic effects of glyphosate-based herbicides.

As a result, national bans and restrictions, and voluntary action by local authorities and retailers to curb use are rising dramatically. Sri Lanka was the first country to ban it completely, although that ban may be partially relaxed. The European Union has extended approval for glyphosate for only 18 months instead of the usual 15 years, has banned the use of the surfactant POEA in formulations, and proposed minimised preharvest use and use in public places. The European Food Safety Authority stated that there are so many data gaps for POEA that establishing acceptable exposure limits is impossible. Italy has also banned the preharvest use of glyphosate, its use in public places and those frequented by children and the elderly, and non-agricultural use on soils with high sand content to reduce the potential for contamination of groundwater.

Huge production capacity for glyphosate in China has resulted in the world being oversupplied with the herbicide. Total global production capacity is more than twice the global demand, putting pressure on the industry to decrease prices and disperse GM Roundup Ready crops.

[EBOOK] The Glyphosate Monograph (A comprehensive new review of the science documenting the adverse human health and environmental impacts of glyphosate and glyphosate based herbicides), Published by PAN International

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