While the use of synthetic pesticides in agriculture has helped to increase food production, this has not occurred without great costs to the environment, natural resources and human health. The 2017 UN report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food highlights the adverse impact of pesticide use on human rights, human health (workers, their families, bystanders, residents and consumers) and the environment. The report also reveals that intensive agriculture based on pesticide use has not contributed to reduce world hunger’.
Herbicides are used in agriculture and horticulture to combat weeds that compete with crops and pasture for nutrients, water and sunlight resulting in reduced crop and livestock yield and quality, which in turn reduces profitability. The next most widespread use is for no-till and reduced tillage systems where herbicides, principally glyphosate, are used to kill all vegetation, post harvest, and also pre-crop and pasture establishment. It is also used to ripen and desiccate grain and seed crops prior to harvest. Non-agricultural uses include the
management of invasive plant species, to assist the management of public areas, for aesthetics or reduce hazards (e.g. sidewalks, pavements and railways) or for weed control in private gardens.
There is a widespread belief that herbicides are safe for human health and have little impact on the environment. Based on this belief, mainstream agricultural systems are now almost completely dependent on the use of pesticides, specifically herbicides. Many farmers have abandoned a number of equally effective, non-chemical weed management methods. As a result, every day tonnes of herbicides are applied to fields and their surroundings, which can put human health at risk and also negatively impacts on biological processes and ecosystem functioning that can combat damaging weeds and other pests. Farmers and growers have become dependent on pesticides and herbicides while many non-chemical alternatives have been lost from the collective memory, so producers end up on a pesticide treadmill they cannot get off.
Herbicides can have a wide range of non-target im-pacts including direct toxic effects on non-target species, including soil organisms, invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as ecosystem level effects. But there are also important effects resulting from the intended aim of reducing weeds, which are vitally important food and ecological resources for the other species that inhabit farmland, such as insects and birds. So there are direct and indirect effects of broad-spectrum herbicide use on farm ecosystems that result in the large declines observed in what were once widespread and vitally important farmland species of public concern, including wildflow-ers, insects2 and birds3.
Not only do the use of herbicides and pesticides have many negative impacts, they are increasingly failing to work due to evolved resistance, i.e., weeds evolve mechanisms that make them resistant and/ or tolerant to regularly-used herbicides, such that the herbicides no longer kill the weeds. In 2018, there were nearly 500'unique resistance cases', i.e., weed species resistant to one herbicide, from less than ten cases in 19704. Of those, over 100 species are resistant to two herbicide modes of action, 50 plus species are resistant to three modes of action, all the way through to one species that is resistant to 11 modes of action. As a result of this over-use, the number of glyphosate resistant weeds now stands at 424. It is increasingly clear, that beside the negative impacts of herbicides on the environment and health, they are failing at an ever-increasing rate as a technology, meaning that farmers and growers may well be forced to use non-chemical weed management as the herbicides cease to function.
This report outlines the wide range of non-chemical alternatives to herbicides that are already available and used by groups such as organic farmers and those practicing integrated weed management (IWM). It highlights the critical need for mainstream farmers and growers to make much wider use of these tools, and the need to expand and improve current non-chemical tools while also developing novel approaches where current techniques are not effective enough. Using glyphosate-based herbicides as a reference, the current analysis presents a wide variety of weed management approaches that achieve highly effective weed control without the use of herbicides.
By integrating physical or mechanical, biological and ecological agricultural practices with the broad knowledge acquired on the biological and ecological characteristics of crop plants and weeds, farmers can successfully manage weeds without herbicides, while maintaining high yields, avoiding building resistance in weed species, protecting soil health and biodiversity and minimising erosion.
This report also covers topics such as the use of glyphosate in the EU and globally, pesticide sales in the EU, and imparts of glyphosate on soil and environmental safety, as well as human health. Finally, it presents a list of suggestions on the transition towards a pesticide-free weed management practices.
This work was carried out in parallel with the project "Filming farmers across European Union on alternatives to herbicides, especially glyphosate", which was also commissioned by The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament.
Herbicides are used in agriculture and horticulture to combat weeds that compete with crops and pasture for nutrients, water and sunlight resulting in reduced crop and livestock yield and quality, which in turn reduces profitability. The next most widespread use is for no-till and reduced tillage systems where herbicides, principally glyphosate, are used to kill all vegetation, post harvest, and also pre-crop and pasture establishment. It is also used to ripen and desiccate grain and seed crops prior to harvest. Non-agricultural uses include the
management of invasive plant species, to assist the management of public areas, for aesthetics or reduce hazards (e.g. sidewalks, pavements and railways) or for weed control in private gardens.
There is a widespread belief that herbicides are safe for human health and have little impact on the environment. Based on this belief, mainstream agricultural systems are now almost completely dependent on the use of pesticides, specifically herbicides. Many farmers have abandoned a number of equally effective, non-chemical weed management methods. As a result, every day tonnes of herbicides are applied to fields and their surroundings, which can put human health at risk and also negatively impacts on biological processes and ecosystem functioning that can combat damaging weeds and other pests. Farmers and growers have become dependent on pesticides and herbicides while many non-chemical alternatives have been lost from the collective memory, so producers end up on a pesticide treadmill they cannot get off.
Herbicides can have a wide range of non-target im-pacts including direct toxic effects on non-target species, including soil organisms, invertebrates and vertebrates, as well as ecosystem level effects. But there are also important effects resulting from the intended aim of reducing weeds, which are vitally important food and ecological resources for the other species that inhabit farmland, such as insects and birds. So there are direct and indirect effects of broad-spectrum herbicide use on farm ecosystems that result in the large declines observed in what were once widespread and vitally important farmland species of public concern, including wildflow-ers, insects2 and birds3.
Not only do the use of herbicides and pesticides have many negative impacts, they are increasingly failing to work due to evolved resistance, i.e., weeds evolve mechanisms that make them resistant and/ or tolerant to regularly-used herbicides, such that the herbicides no longer kill the weeds. In 2018, there were nearly 500'unique resistance cases', i.e., weed species resistant to one herbicide, from less than ten cases in 19704. Of those, over 100 species are resistant to two herbicide modes of action, 50 plus species are resistant to three modes of action, all the way through to one species that is resistant to 11 modes of action. As a result of this over-use, the number of glyphosate resistant weeds now stands at 424. It is increasingly clear, that beside the negative impacts of herbicides on the environment and health, they are failing at an ever-increasing rate as a technology, meaning that farmers and growers may well be forced to use non-chemical weed management as the herbicides cease to function.
This report outlines the wide range of non-chemical alternatives to herbicides that are already available and used by groups such as organic farmers and those practicing integrated weed management (IWM). It highlights the critical need for mainstream farmers and growers to make much wider use of these tools, and the need to expand and improve current non-chemical tools while also developing novel approaches where current techniques are not effective enough. Using glyphosate-based herbicides as a reference, the current analysis presents a wide variety of weed management approaches that achieve highly effective weed control without the use of herbicides.
By integrating physical or mechanical, biological and ecological agricultural practices with the broad knowledge acquired on the biological and ecological characteristics of crop plants and weeds, farmers can successfully manage weeds without herbicides, while maintaining high yields, avoiding building resistance in weed species, protecting soil health and biodiversity and minimising erosion.
This report also covers topics such as the use of glyphosate in the EU and globally, pesticide sales in the EU, and imparts of glyphosate on soil and environmental safety, as well as human health. Finally, it presents a list of suggestions on the transition towards a pesticide-free weed management practices.
This work was carried out in parallel with the project "Filming farmers across European Union on alternatives to herbicides, especially glyphosate", which was also commissioned by The Greens/EFA group in the European Parliament.
[EBOOK] ALTERNATIVE METHODS IN WEED MANAGEMENT TO THE USE OF GLYPHOSATE AND OTHER HERBICIDES, Integrated Weed Management Many Little Mammers, Published by Pesticide Action Network Europe
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