[EBOOK] Agroecology and the Rural Landscape

Today, many of our agricultural practices are unsustainable. We exhaust the soil, we loose diversity through the use of mono-cropping and we introduce novel chemicals into our nature. These practices are often maintained by the argument that it is the only rational way to produce food for our ever growing population This project tries to challenge this position. It is done via a proof of concept farm, proposed 10 he an agricultural campus. It is a space for both learning and farming, but the practices are general and can be applicable in all farming. The project bridges landscape and building design territory and tries to find principles applicable to both.

This booklet is divided into two parts. Hl First a theoretical one. where terms and definitions are explained and the academical framework IS set. It locks at the problems facing agriculture today and establishes a main vision for the project, which is to scale up agroecology. It also provides some suggested solutions to the problems, including no-till and intercropping practices. 11 also looks al parcelling of agricultural fields and proposes a set of morphological principles on how to in the future shape the landscape. |ll| Secondly the Agricultural campus is presented. The program IS argued for and defined in a technical and spatial way. An argument is made an why rural buildings and farm buildings especially can be used as a reference for many different projects. After that, the different qualities of the building is further presented in plan, section and detail. Material qualities are presented in rendered perspectives.

Early sketch for the project

Notes on objectivity and academic rigour

Everything wrilten that is not explicitly a quote is in some way paraphrased or transformed by the author. Be It in semantics, prioritization or context. I acknowledge the complexity of the subject approached, and the reason far separate disciplines. This project attempts a synthesis between ecology, agriculture and anehnetlure. and this in the scope ot SIX weeks of a student project.

[EBOOK] Agroecology and the Rural Landscape

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[EBOOK] THE PERMACULTURE HANDBOOK (Garden Farming for Town and Country), by Peter Bane, Published by New Society

Permaculture is a design system for sustainable living and land use first articulated by Bill Mollison and myself in Australia in the mid-1970s. Since then it has spread around the world stimulating creative household and community initiatives to reduce ecological footprint, increase resilience and relocalize economies. While the scope of permaculture applications ranges from aquaculture to design against disaster, from ecological building to local currencies, many people would understand permaculture as being a form of organic gardening.

The idea that gardening is the most sustainable form of agriculture and the basis for the relocalization of our economies, proposed in Permaculture One (1978), was reinforced in a short essay I wrote in 1991, Gardening As Agriculture. In that essay I asserted that gardening should be recognized as a serious and important form of agriculture that functions as an incubator for new farmers and farming methods.

Over the last three decades a small but growing number of pioneers informed by permaculture and related concepts have shown how this is possible. In recent years the grassroots explosion of interest in food gardening and farming is reshaping mainstream approaches to sustainability. This belated recognition is a hopeful sign that an abundant and resilient future is possible by redesign of food production and consumption.

With his chosen term “garden farming,” long-time permaculture writer, publisher, teacher and practitioner Peter Bane crystallizes this concept for those new to permaculture as well as its seasoned practitioners seeking to extend their chosen way of life into a livelihood. In focusing on the productive transformation of our suburban and peri-urban allotments, Bane shows how these “problematic” landscapes could become the “solutions” in an energy descent world of ongoing climate change, expensive and unreliable energy and economic contraction.

In true permaculture style, this book combines empowering vision with grounded common sense, strategic thinking with nuts and bolts information.

Part One eloquently and simply conveys the principles and patterns behind this big-picture story. Bane's pattern language of garden farming, based on the classic pattern language of architect and town planner Christopher Alexander, is a major contribution to the ongoing evolution of permaculture design methods.

Part Two draws on the author's depth of experience as a permaculture teacher to explain the diverse components of permaculture design for creating a livelihood from garden farming in suburban and peri-urban landscapes. The metrics and rules of thumb necessary to make designs work are grounded in both the author's personal experience and his extensive observation of pioneering examples of garden farming.

The reality of garden farming is convincingly portrayed and further illustrated at intervals through the book with case studies informed by permaculture design principles and patterns.

Of all the permaculture books from Australia, America and around the world, this one most completely fills the big space between my own articulation of permaculture theory in Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability (2002) and my earlier intimate documentation of our own efforts towards garden farming in Melliodora: A Case Study in Cool Climate Permaculture (1995). This book is likely to become the classic design manual for those with the energy and enthusiasm to become the garden farmers of the future.

In the process, Peter Bane shows that, in hard times, the apparent ethical conflict between personal and household resilience on one hand and working for a better world on the other can be resolved applying permaculture ethics and design principles.

David Holmgren is the co-originator of the permaculture concept. He is the author of Permaculture Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability (2002) and Future Scenarios (2009), among many other books and publications. A smallholder and garden farmer in the Australian state of Victoria, he has taught permaculture design in North America, Latin America, Europe and the Middle East for nearly two decades, and has played a critical role in advancing global understanding of the complex and multilayered challenges surrounding energy and resource use.

[EBOOK] THE PERMACULTURE HANDBOOK (Garden Farming for Town and Country), by Peter Bane, Published by New Society

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[EBOOK] Crop Production under Stressful Conditions (Application of Cutting-edge Science and Technology in Developing Countries), Makie Kokubun And Shuichi Asanuma, Published by Springer

Crops provide us with food, medicines, animal feeds, textiles, energy, and much more. Given that the global population continues to grow, we need to enhance the capacity of crop production worldwide. However, sustainable crop production is threatened by problems such as desertification, salinization of agricultural land, pests, unstable temperatures, and erratic rainfall, which are especially accentuated in developing countries where technologies and human resources addressing these problems are not adequately available.

Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) is a Japanese government program that promotes international joint research to address global issues including food insecurity. The program is structured as collaboration between Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), which provides competitive research funds for science and technology projects, and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), which provides official development assistance (ODA) to the developing countries. In the SATREPS framework, food insecurity is recognized as a major global issue, and research projects looking to enhance crop productivity and utilization in developing regions have been implemented. Since the commencement of the first project in 2010, more than 10 projects (including completed) have focused on crop production in developing regions.

This book provides examples that multidisciplinary research teams consisting of molecular biologists, breeders, physiologists, soil scientists, agronomists, chemists, and other scientists related to agricultural development are working together for enhancing the capacity of crop production in the respective regions. For the implementation, teams are putting an emphasis on not only producing novel scientific findings but verifying the effectiveness of the findings in the actual environments prevailing in the respective countries. Specifically, this book provides good examples of application of cutting-edge science and technologies to solving problems in developing countries. We believe that the achievements attained in these projects should be beneficial to researchers, students, and administrators engaged in the field of crop production and food security in developing regions, and lessons learnt will be useful to re-design the strategy to address the issues involved in crop production worldwide.

[EBOOK] Crop Production under Stressful Conditions (Application of Cutting-edge Science and Technology in Developing Countries), Makie Kokubun And Shuichi Asanuma, Published by Springer

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Keyword: ebook, giáo trình, Crop Production under Stressful Conditions, Application of Cutting-edge Science and Technology in Developing Countries, nông nghiệp tiên tiến, khoa học nông nghiệp, khoa học kỹ thuật nông nghiệp

[EBOOK] Vegetable Gardening (A MANUAL ON THE GROWING OF VEGETABLES FOR HOME USE AND MARKETING), By SAMUEL B. GREEN, WEBB PUBLISHING CO. ST.PAUL.MINN.

This book was prepared primarily for the School of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota, where it has been used as a textbook since it was first published. It is the result of the development of the system of teaching at this school and is intended for students of the high school grade. In this the ninth edition a few changes have been made to bring it up-to-date in the matter of methods of culture and varieties recommended.

In previous editions I have taken pleasure, as I do now, in acknowledging the assistance which 1 have received in many ways in preparing the manuscript for the first edition of this book from Prof. Harry Snyder, the late Dr. Otto Lugger, the late Major A. G. Wilcox, and my former assistant. Prof. R. s. Mackintosh, now Professor of Horticulture at Auburn, Alabama. In preparing this edition, I have been helped by Mr. A. R. Kohler, Assistant in Horticulture.

Figures numbered 52, 67, 69 and 121 are from D. Landreth & Sons: 26, 27, 31, 32 and 92 are from w. Atlee Burpee; Nos. 22, 23, 81 and 96are reproduced from publications of the Department of Agriculture: No. 5 is from Bateman Manufacturing Co.; Nos. 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41 and 43 were loaned by Dr. Lugger; Nos. 58, 61, 65, 66, 106, 108, 112, 119, 120 and 122 from various sources. All other figures are original

SAMUEL B. GREEN, St. Anthony Park, Minn., November 1st, 1909.

[EBOOK] Vegetable Gardening (A MANUAL ON THE GROWING OF VEGETABLES FOR HOME USE AND MARKETING), By SAMUEL B. GREEN, WEBB PUBLISHING CO. ST.PAUL.MINN.

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[EBOOK] Biotechnology in Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Edited by Debasis Bagchi - Francis C. Lau - Dilip K. Ghosh, Published by CRC Press

Biotechnology has been used thousands of years ago in the manufacturing of food products. The most ancient form of biotechnology, fermentation, involved the use of microorganisms such as yeasts for the production of wine, vinegar, and bread. Dairy products such as yogurt and cheese were produced by lactic acid bacteria and molds. Although these techniques are still used, the cultures that were used in ancient times have been modified to provide high-quality products with increased yield. Modern food biotechnology has evolved into a billion-dollar industry, with the promise of producing foods that provide functions beyond the basic nutrients they contain. These functional foods or nutraceuticals have become increasingly important to consumers who are interested in the health benefits of functional foods in the prevention of illness and chronic conditions.

Biotechnology is a collection of biology-based technologies used mainly in agriculture, food science, and medicine. Agricultural biotechnology may involve the use of molecular and/or biochemical techniques to produce desired traits, while eliminating many unwanted traits in plants, through the use and manipulation of genetic information. In fact, agricultural biotechnology has been seriously affected by the new recombinant DNA technique that emerged in the 1970s. Genetic modification has significantly improved the yield, quality, and nutritional value of crop plants and animal products. It was estimated that approximately 13.3 million farmers in 25 countries were using agricultural biotechnology in 2009. This came at a time when the world sought science-based and consumer-focused approaches to solving the problem of feeding a growing population. In this respect, agricultural biotechnology is able to deliver resilient crops with enhanced yield even when they are grown in harsh environments.

Animal biotechnology also plays an important role in agriculture today. Genetic modification is used to improve livestock selection and breeding. Moreover, animal genomics is utilized to provide optimal nutritional needs for animals to generate high-quality animal products such as meat, milk, and eggs. Overall, biotechnology helps in enhancing food manufacturing processes, improving food preservation, and ensuring food safety. Thus, biotechnology provides the necessary means for the development and improvement of bioactive components in functional foods and nutraceuticals.

This book covers the various aspects of biotechnology in nutraceuticals and functional foods. The goal of the book is to provide readers with comprehensive reviews, by a panel of experts from around the world, focusing on state-of-the-art topics that are broad in scope yet concise in structure. This book is divided into six parts. The first part gives an overview of recent advances in biotechnology and their contribution to food science. The second part examines the impact of genetic modification on functional foods. The third part explores food manufacturing technology. The fourth part gives insight into quality assurance and safety of foods. The fifth part updates current views on legal, social, and regulatory aspects of food biotechnology. A final commentary concludes the book by offering an overview of future directions in the applications of biotechnology to functional foods and nutraceuticals.

[EBOOK] Biotechnology in Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Edited by Debasis Bagchi - Francis C. Lau - Dilip K. Ghosh, Published by CRC Press

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[EBOOK] ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES, FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FOOD AND NUTRITION

READING COMPREHENSION

All living organisms require food for survival, growth, and reproduction. Most broadly, the term food can be taken to include any kind of nutrient needed by animals, plants, and simpler forms of life, on down to bacteria. This would include, for example, the inorganic substances that 5 plants draw from air and water. The processes that circulate these basic nutrients in the environment are called nutrient cycles, and the processes by which organisms make use of nutrients are collectively known as metabolism.

In terms of the energy needs of humans and other animals, food consists 10 of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, along with vitamins and minerals.

Humans may consume a wide range of different food substances, as long as they meet nutrition requirements. Otherwise nutritional-deficiency diseases will develop.

Nutrition is the science that interprets the relationship of food to the functioning of the living organism. It is concerned with the intake of food, digestive processes, the liberation of energy, and the elimination of wastes, as well as with all the syntheses that are essential for maintenance, growth, and reproduction. These fundamental activities are 20 characteristic of all living organisms - from the simplest to the most complex plants and animals. Nutrients are substances, either naturally occurring or synthesized, that are necessary for maintenance of the normal function of organisms. These include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals, water, and some unknown substances.

The nutritionist, a scientist working in the field of nutrition, differs from the dietitian, who translates the science of nutrition into the skill of furnishing optimal nourishment to people. Dietetics is a profession concerned with the science and art of human nutrition care, an essential component of the health sciences. The treatment of disease by 30 modification of the diet lies within the province of the physician and the dietitian.

The foods consumed by humans must contain, in adequate amounts, about 45 to 50 highly important substances. Water and oxygen are equally essential. Starting only with these essential nutrients obtained 35 from food, the body makes literally thousands of substances necessary for life and physical fitness. Most of these substances are far more complicated in structure than the original nutrients.

Energy metabolism and requirements are customarily expressed in terms of the calorie, a heat unit. Adoption of the calorie by nutritionists 40 followed quite naturally from the original methods of measuring energy metabolism. The magnitude of human energy metabolism, however, made it awkward to record the calorie measured, so the convention of the large calorie, or kilocalorie (kcal), was accepted. Atwater factors, also called physiologic fuel factors, are based on the corrections for 45 losses of unabsorbed nutrients in the feces and for the calorie equivalent of the nitrogenous products in the urine. These factors are as follows: 1g of pure protein will yield 4 calories, 1g of pure fat will yield 9 calories, and 1 g of pure carbohydrate will yield 4 calories.

[EBOOK] ENGLISH FOR NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES, FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

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[EBOOK] Manual for seed potato production using aeroponics (Ten years of experience in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru)

Aeroponics is a technique for producing potato minitubers (corresponding to the pre-basic seed category) in formal seed systems, that is, systems in which the State regulates the production and distribution of certified seed. As such, it is a technology that calls for certain conditions to be in place in terms of institution, infrastructure and human resources, which means that it is appropriate only for highly specialized seed producers.

In a wider context, aeroponics is part of an integrated proposal of the International Potato Center (CIP, by its acronym in Spanish) and its partners to manage seed potato degeneration. Degeneration is the reduction in yield or quality due to the accumulation of pathogens or pests in planting material through successive cycles of vegetative propagation. It is a core problem that has led to large sums being invested for the production and distribution of certified seed all over the world.

The predominant model at present promotes seed degeneration management almost exclusively through the use of certified seed, usually produced by the public sector, especially in the initial categories such as pre-basic seed.

The new strategy for managing degeneration also includes the use of certified seed, but with greater participation of the private sector. It focuses much more on the use of varieties resistant to the pathogens that cause degeneration, and on training farmers in ways to manage degeneration so that they can produce their own seed for a longer time without a reduction in their crop yields.

Aeroponics can form a part of this new strategy, since it is a technology that facilitates the production of large quantities of high quality minitubers at a low cost. This in turn allows producers to reduce the number of field multiplications of the initial categories of seed, which means that the certified seed obtained at the end of these multiplication cycles will be healthier and available in a shorter period of time and at a lower cost.

CIP and its partners —the Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation (CORPOICA, by its acronym in Spanish) and the National Institute of Agricultural and Livestock Research (INIAP, by its acronym in Spanish) of Ecuador— hope that this manual will be a valuable tool for all those who want to implement aeroponics.

[EBOOK] Manual for seed potato production using aeroponics (Ten years of experience in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru)

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[EBOOK] Seed Potato Tuber Production and Dissemination (Experiences, Challenges and Prospects), Abebe Kirub, Published by EIAR and ARARI

Potato is the world’s top non-grain food commodity. Global production over the past two decades has expanded from 267 to 375 million tons, and market opportunities are emerging to respond to the potato as a popular source of affordable food for growing urban populations. A highly dependable food security crop, potato offers important advantages over major food grains. Potato produces more food per unit area than the other major food crop. It generates more employment in the farm economy than other crops and serves as a source of cash income for low-income farm households through access to higher value markets along the potato value chain. Finally yet importantly, potato is not prone to speculative commodities trading on global markets, instead, prices are more likely set by local supply-and-demand conditions.

Yet, potato has long been regarded as a lowly subsistence crop and is still one of the underexploited food crops with a huge unrealized potential to improve food security, income and human nutrition. Ethiopia is one of the countries where the potential of this crop is increasingly being realized as witnessed by growing interest in this crop by private investors and policy makers. However, national average yields are still far below attainable yields and ample opportunities exist to unleash this crop’s potential for increased food security and income generation.

It is in this context, that the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) the Amhara Agricultural Research Institute (ARARI), , and the International Potato Center (CIP) with greatly appreciated financial support from USAID, FAO and Sasakawa Global 2000 organized a National Workshop on Seed Potato Production and Dissemination in Bahir Dar on 12 to 14 March 2012. The workshop provided a platform for public and private value chain stakeholders to discuss current activities and future potato research and development priorities. The workshop aimed at sharing and documenting of seed potato production and dissemination experiences: evaluating the current state of national potato seed systems, identification of their constraints and opportunities for improvements: and strengthening public-private partnerships for further development of the potato sub-sector.

This book documents the papers presented during the workshop. It is divided into six sections, covering the following topics: General papers, Rapid multiplication techniques, Seed agronomy, Participatory seed potato production, Crop protection, and Socio-economic aspects. While most of the papers were from Ethiopia, three papers are dealing with aspects of potato production in Eastern Africa and Kenya. Given the fact that farmer access to quality seed still constitutes the main bottleneck to increased potato productivity in Ethiopia and the region in general, the main thrust is on seed potatoes; presenting and discussing research and development topics covering the entire seed potato value chain. The book is the first of its kind to collect and analyze potato seed research and provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state of seed potato production. It presents recent research findings, describes ongoing development activities, and outlines future directions for potato, especially seed potato, research and development in Ethiopia and the region. It is also believed to benefit development actors engaged in the promotion of the crops.

The editors would like to acknowledge the organizers of the conference. We are grateful to Dr. Derege Gorfu for reviewing the papers. We would also like to extend our appreciations to all those who presented papers and the participants of the workshop/conference for their valuable and critical contribution.

[EBOOK] Seed Potato Tuber Production and Dissemination (Experiences, Challenges and Prospects), Abebe Kirub, Published by EIAR and ARARI

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[EBOOK] The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil, D. R. HOAGLAND and D. I. ARNON, THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - BERKELEY

For over three decades, the California Agricultural Experiment Station has conducted investigations of problems of plant nutrition with the use of water-culture technique for growing plants, as one important method of experimentation. The objective has been to gain a better understanding of fundamental factors which govern plant growth, in order to deal more effectively with the many complex questions of soil and plant interrelations arising in the field. Many workers have participated in these investigations. One of them, Dr. w. F. Gericke, conceived the idea some time ago that the water-culture method, hitherto employed only for scientific studies, might be adapted to commercial use, and proceeded to devise special technique for this purpose.

In the nineteen thirties, this development was given widespread publicity in newspapers, Sunday supplements, and popular journals. The possibility of growing plants in a medium other than soil intrigued many persons, and soon extravagant claims were being made by many of the most ardent proponents of the commercial use of the water-culture method. Furthermore, amateur gardeners sought to make this method a new hobby. Thousands of inquiries came to the University of California for detailed information for general application of the water-culture method to commercial as well as to amateur gardening.

Because of doubts expressed concerning many claims made for the use of the water-culture method as a means of crop production, it became evident that an independent appraisal of this method of growing crops was highly desirable. I therefore requested Professors D. R. Hoagland and D. I. Arnon to conduct certain additional investigations and to prepare a manuscript for a popular circular on the general subject of growing plants in nutrient solutions.

When this circular was first published in 1938, neither the California Agricultural Experiment Station nor the authors made any general recommendations as to the use of soilless culture methods for commercial crop production. The purpose of the publication was to make available such technical information from the researches of the Station to those who wished to experiment with the waterculture method on their own responsibility. An attitude of caution and a balanced consideration of the various factors determining success in growing crops on a large scale, whether in soil or in nutrient solutions, was commended to the attention of those contemplating commercial ventures. The purpose of this revised publication and the point of view of the Experiment Station remain the same today. The experience of the past decade, during which a number of large-scale installations for soilless crop production was established in the United States and overseas, fails to support the exaggerated claims of the early enthusiasts of the technique.

[EBOOK] The Water-Culture Method for Growing Plants without Soil, D. R. HOAGLAND and D. I. ARNON, THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - BERKELEY

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[EBOOK] UNITS, SYMBOLS, AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (A Reference for Presentation of Research Results in the Plant Sciences), Frank B. Salisbury, New York Oxford Oxford University Press

When one person wishes to communicate some information directly to another person, it is essential that the two speak the same language; that is, the words and symbols must have the same meaning for both persons. Such a thought provides one motivation for the preparation of this book, which is designed to be a reference source for plant physiologists and other plant scientists who are preparing their research results for publication or other presentation. The primary goal is to provide information about the use of units, symbols, and terminology in the plant sciences, especially plant physiology. In addition, we also provide some hints and instructions about writing and the preparation of posters and slide presentations for scientific meetings, including a format for presentation of growth-chamber data.

Section I introduces the basics. Its three chapters consider the use of SI units, rules for botanical nomenclature, and basic principles of statistics. Sections II, III, and IV present more detail in the fields of plant biophysics, biochemistry, and growth and development. These sections emphasize SI units whenever that is appropriate, but they also contain many lists of terms that are used in the plant sciences. The appendices contain the hints and instructions for writing and for preparing posters and slide presentations, plus a summary of guidelines for reporting environmental parameters for plant experiments in controlled environments. The chapter on biochemistry was modified from The Journal of Biological Chemistry; it is included here as a handy reference. Appendix c was also prepared for another publication. All other sections were originally prepared for this volume.

Each chapter was first prepared by one or more specialists in the field, and the authors then sent their chapters to several colleagues. As a result, the present chapters represent at least the beginnings of a consensus about the terms and sometimes symbols within each subfield. Although the time when all plant scientists agree on all units, symbols, terminology, and presentation techniques may be in the distant future (if it ever arrives), it is hoped that this book will bring us closer to such a meeting of the minds. After I had edited the manuscripts sent by the various authors, the entire book was sent to each author, who often commented about some chapters besides his or her own. This process was repeated several times over a period exceeding a decade (mostly because the project was set aside several times while other projects were being completed). During this long gestation period, two authors died and several others retired! In spite of the long period from conception to birth, every chapter includes significant changes made shortly before publication. The book presents the most current thinking of its authors and editor.

The chapters that include definitions of terms follow two different approaches: In some chapters, terms are arranged alphabetically; in others they follow an order in which one term builds upon the preceding term or terms (a mini-review of the subject). The choice of approach depended upon the author and the subject matter. In the non-alphabetical cases, the number of terms is rather limited so that it should be relatively easy to find a term by scanning the lists.

A few references are presented, especially where definitions are somewhat controversial. And controversy remains in plant physiology! Please submit suggestions for future editions to me or to the appropriate chapter author.

We have tried to remove inconsistencies and contradictions although some seem to be inevitable. We are aware of considerable redundancy, which should make the booklet easier to use as a reference source. An editorial inconsistency that I have decided to allow concerns the use of references. Many show only initials of authors, but when given names were known to me, I included them. We have followed a reference style that includes written-out journal names rather than abbreviations and more punctuation than is used in many current journals. This takes a little more space, but we believe it will make it easier for a reader to use the references.

Several secretaries were involved with the manuscript, but Laura Wheelwright did much formatting, and Mary Ann Clark must have spent the equivalent of an intense, full-time year working on the final formatting of camera-ready copy with much dfrection from Kirk Jensen, a Senior Editor at the Oxford University Press. The authors and I wish to express much appreciation to those diligent secretaries; their efforts were often “above and beyond the call of duty.”

[EBOOK] UNITS, SYMBOLS, AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (A Reference for Presentation of Research Results in the Plant Sciences), Frank B. Salisbury, New York Oxford Oxford University Press

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[EBOOK] Egyptian Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum): King of Forage Crops, More Writers, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Egyptian clover, or berseem. Trifolium alexandrium, a very important crop, for fodder and soil fertility maintenance, was domesticated in Egypt and is now widespread in irrigated cropping systems in west and south Asia and used in commercial fanning in many countries with mild winters; India is now the largest producer Because of its regional importance FAO RNE organised an Exp al Consultation Workshop on “Forage Production Potential of Egyptian Clover and its Role in Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in die Near East Countries" on 6-7 November 2012 in Cairo, Egypt", to facilitate exchange of information between agronomists, livestock and fodder specialists in die region This publication brings togedier the outputs of the Expert Consultation Berseem is also widely used in large-scale livestock systems in areas of mild winters in Europe, America and Australia but these cases are not discussed here.

Agriculture in Egypt IS more dian 5 000 years old; the Nile and berseeni are two main reasons for its high productivity and siLsta inability. Ba seem fixes huge quantities of atmospheric nitrogen, sustaữis animal husbandry and raises fertility for following crops. As a gi ceil manure on newly reclaimed or worn out soils, it is a boon to farmers Traditional cultivation methods in Egy pt were excellent and in balance widi die environment and fanning systems. New varieties have enhanced herbage and seed production and now Egypt is die largest exporter of berseem seed Research on its cultivation and improvement has increased manifold The results of dns woik arc summarised in this publication A consolidated sun unary of dicse results makes than more readily available die world over and a large bibliography IS provided

The publication is in nine chapters. After an Introduction diere are chapters on: The Crop and its Growth; Agronomy; Crop Improvement; Seed Production, Chemical Composition and New vistas in Berseem Research. These are followed by a sei ies of country papers from Afghanistan, Egypt, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan and Turkey These describe die state of cultivation and research on die crop in each country.

Notwithstanding die great flourishing of academic research, notably in Egypt, die impact of its results are not very obvious on die farms of smallholdets. The country studies show clearly dial most smallholders sow dilty seed of unimproved landiaces. contaminated by weeds and parasites Berseem gives high seed yields and its seed is easy to clean, very simple machinery' suffices - Egypt exports large quantities which meet die quality and phytosanitary requirements of international hade. Countries where berseem is important should support seed improvement infrastructure and follow by extension of improved cultivars and agronomic teclmiques The end use of berseem, fertility maintenance apart, is livestock production; it is especially associated widi daily production and buffaloes. Unfortunately it is difficult to conserve so has to be involved in year-round fodder production systems and improvement of daily stock and livestock management.

[EBOOK] Egyptian Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum): King of Forage Crops, More Writers, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

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[EBOOK] Standard Evaluation System (SES) for Rice (5th edition), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

The Standard Evaluation System (SES) for Rice is one of the most requested IRRI publications that is highly utilized by rice scientists worldwide. It provides a common nomenclature and standardized scales for assessing rice agronomic performance and classifying rice responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. First published in 1975, the SES has been revised four times. The last printed edition came out in 1996 and an online version was published in 2002 in The Rice Knowledge Bank (http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/extension/index.php/ses).

Revision of the current edition took almost two years to complete. Initially, inputs of rice scientists from international and national rice research programs and the private sector were solicited. This resulted in improvements on the scoring procedures based on the state-of-the-art in the different disciplines. The ensuing drafts were then widely circulated for feedback before generating a final draft.

This 5th edition incorporates improved scoring systems for agronomic traits and morphological characteristics. It also redefined some terminologies like ‘injury’ instead of ‘disease’ for more clarity. With the increasing importance of plant variety protection,the 17 asterisked characters of the Test Guidelines for Rice of The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), which are important in testing for distinctness of new varieties, were also incorporated. Realizing that improvements may still be made in the future, users of this booklet are requested to send their comments and suggestions to me as INGER Coordinator at IRRI Headquarters for consideration and incorporation in the next edition.

To ensure worldwide dissemination, we are publishing this 5th edition in both print and electronic formats. The latter will be posted in the INGER website (http://inger. irri.org/).

The strong cooperation and significant contributions of scientists from national rice programs, international research centers, and the private sector, among other partners under the Global Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP; http://www.grisp.net/), are gratefully acknowledged.

[EBOOK] Standard Evaluation System (SES) for Rice (5th edition), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

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Keyword: ebook, giáo trình, Standard Evaluation System (SES) for Rice, SES for Rice, Hệ thống đánh giá tiêu chuẩn (SES) đối với gạo, SES đối với gạo, tiêu chuẩn lúa gạo, đánh giá tiêu chuẩn lúa gạo